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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dense-rock equivalent</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Das <b>Dense-rock equivalent</b>&nbsp;(DRE) ist ein Maß für das Auswurf<a href="Volumen" title="Volumen">volumen</a> eines <a href="Vulkanausbruch" title="Vulkanausbruch">Vulkanausbruchs</a>, das auch mit „<a href="Blase_(Physik)" title="Blase (Physik)">blasen</a>freies <a href="Magma" title="Magma">Magma</a>“ übersetzt wird. Die unterschiedlich dichten Ablagerungsprodukte von <a href="Ejektion" title="Ejektion">explosiven vulkanischen Eruptionen</a> werden auf das blasenfreie Ausgangsmagma zurückgeführt, um das Auswurfvolumen verschiedener Eruptionen besser vergleichen zu können. Die Einheit ist üblicherweise <a href="Kubikkilometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Kubikkilometer">Kubikkilometer</a>&nbsp;(km³).
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Berechnung">Berechnung</h2></div>
<p>Die Menge des bei Vulkanausbrüchen ausgestoßenen Materials kann nur über die Vermessung und Schätzung der abgelagerten <a href="Pyroklastisches_Sediment" title="Pyroklastisches Sediment">Pyroklastika</a> erfolgen. Da bei fast jedem explosiven Ausbruch verschiedene Ablagerungsformen anfallen, müssen deren DRE-Volumen getrennt ermittelt und dann addiert werden:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle DRE_{ges}=\sum DRE_{abl}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>D</mi>
<mi>R</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle DRE_{ges}=\sum DRE_{abl}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c8842af9d7eed81c6cef593b874cfe143412781c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:22.504ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle DRE_{ges}=\sum DRE_{abl}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Das Material kann in folgenden Formen vorliegen:
</p>
<ul><li>in lockerer Form (<a href="Tephra" class="mw-redirect" title="Tephra">Tephra</a>) wie
<ul><li><a href="Bims" title="Bims">Bims</a> (<a href="Dichte" title="Dichte">Dichte</a> 240&nbsp;kg/m³) oder</li>
<li><a href="Vulkanische_Asche" title="Vulkanische Asche">vulkanische Asche</a> (1000&nbsp;kg/m³)</li></ul></li>
<li>in kompakter Form wie <a href="Tuff" title="Tuff">Tuff</a></li>
<li>in verschmolzener Form wie <a href="Ignimbrit" title="Ignimbrit">Ignimbrit</a> (2400&nbsp;kg/m³).</li></ul>
<p>Das jeweilige DRE-Volumen wird mit folgender Formel errechnet:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle DRE_{abl}(km^{3})=V_{abl}(km^{3})\cdot {\frac {\rho _{abl}}{\rho _{mag}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>D</mi>
<mi>R</mi>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>b</mi>
<mi>l</mi>
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</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<msup>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
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</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>b</mi>
<mi>l</mi>
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<msup>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
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<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
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<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
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<mi>a</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle DRE_{abl}(km^{3})=V_{abl}(km^{3})\cdot {\frac {\rho _{abl}}{\rho _{mag}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f3be228cf289dd906b17a88344821f537f2c7c49.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:33.733ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle DRE_{abl}(km^{3})=V_{abl}(km^{3})\cdot {\frac {\rho _{abl}}{\rho _{mag}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit
</p>
<ul><li>dem Ablagerungs-Volumen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{abl}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{abl}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b71d9073bd78cee73ecb54d7f37d42f88e11e3b5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.653ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{abl}}" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li>der Ablagerungs-Dichte <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho _{abl}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho _{abl}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/13b1f091f68a9aaf6741e6e79d87a2670719e41c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.499ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho _{abl}}" loading="lazy"></span> (s.&nbsp;o.)</li>
<li>der Magma-Dichte <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho _{mag}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>m</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho _{mag}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9f16b22088222d61db3e53467f439b33cd916fc1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.536ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho _{mag}}" loading="lazy"></span>, je nach Magmatyp 2200 bis 2800&nbsp;kg/m³.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Magnitude">Magnitude</h2></div>
<p>Bislang wurde zur Ableitung des <a href="Vulkanexplosivit%C3%A4tsindex" title="Vulkanexplosivitätsindex">Vulkanexplosivitätsindex</a> das Volumen des abgelagerten Materials verwendet, ohne die unterschiedliche Dichte zu berücksichtigen, was die Vergleichbarkeit unterschiedlicher Eruptionen erschwerte.
</p><p>Nun kann die Magnitude aus der insgesamt eruptierten Masse <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{ges}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{ges}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/aaf4bc4a789752e21072733fbf89c4179734b06d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.599ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{ges}}" loading="lazy"></span> oder direkt aus dem&nbsp;DRE errechnet werden:<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{2}M&amp;=\log _{10}([m_{ges}(kg)]&amp;&amp;-7)\\&amp;=\log _{10}([DRE_{ges}(m^{3})\cdot \rho _{mag}(kg/m^{3})]&amp;&amp;-7)\end{alignedat}}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{2}M&amp;=\log _{10}([m_{ges}(kg)]&amp;&amp;-7)\\&amp;=\log _{10}([DRE_{ges}(m^{3})\cdot \rho _{mag}(kg/m^{3})]&amp;&amp;-7)\end{alignedat}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/79a913b56ff2aca8fb3d628e4e71b70f60629e16.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:45.72ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{2}M&amp;=\log _{10}([m_{ges}(kg)]&amp;&amp;-7)\\&amp;=\log _{10}([DRE_{ges}(m^{3})\cdot \rho _{mag}(kg/m^{3})]&amp;&amp;-7)\end{alignedat}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beispiel_Pinatubo">Beispiel Pinatubo</h2></div>
<p>Der Ausbruch des <a href="Pinatubo" title="Pinatubo">Pinatubo</a> 1991 ist recht gut dokumentiert und soll hier aus Beispiel dienen. Der Ausbruch hinterließ zwei große Formen von Ablagerungen, die hier die Basis der Kalkulation bilden: erstens die <a href="Pyroklastische_Fallablagerung" title="Pyroklastische Fallablagerung">Fallablagerungen</a> von Bims und vulkanischer Asche, zweitens die Ablagerungen von <a href="Pyroklastischer_Strom" title="Pyroklastischer Strom">pyroklastischen Strömen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<table class="wikitable">

<tbody><tr class="hintergrundfarbe6">
<th>Ablagerung
</th>
<th>Volumen
</th>
<th>Dichte
</th>
<th>DRE
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>Bims
</td>
<td>3,4 bis <span style="visibility:hidden;">0</span>4,4 km³
</td>
<td>1100 kg/m³
</td>
<td>1,6 bis 2,0 km³
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Pyroklastische Ströme
</td>
<td>5,0 bis <span style="visibility:hidden;">0</span>6,0 km³
</td>
<td>1000 bis 1300 kg/m³
</td>
<td>2,1 bis 3,3 km³
</td></tr>
<tr class="hintergrundfarbe5">
<td>Summe
</td>
<td>8,4 bis 10,4 km³
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>3,7 bis 5,3 km³
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Die Magmadichte von <a href="Dazit" title="Dazit">Dazit</a> wurde mit 2400&nbsp;kg/m³ angesetzt. Aus der gerundeten Summe von 5&nbsp;km³&nbsp;DRE wurde die Magnitude von&nbsp;6,0 errechnet (Größenordnung der ausgeworfenen Massen: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{ges}\approx }">
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<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{ges}\approx }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a620881b5c2cd935587b61dddab1e398295dc4d0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:7.052ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{ges}\approx }" loading="lazy"></span> 10<sup>13</sup>&nbsp;kg = 10&nbsp;Mrd. Tonnen).
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>Calvin F. Miller, David A. Wark: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Supervolcanoes and their explosive supereruptions</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Elements</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>4</span>, 2008, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%221811-5209%22&amp;key=cql">1811-5209</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>11–15</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2113/GSELEMENTS.4.1.11">10.2113/GSELEMENTS.4.1.11</a></span> (englisch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240779372_Supervolcanoes_and_their_explosive_supereruptions">researchgate.net</a> [abgerufen am 22.&nbsp;November 2022]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Dense-rock+equivalent&amp;rft.atitle=Supervolcanoes+and+their+explosive+supereruptions&amp;rft.au=Calvin+F.+Miller%2C+David+A.+Wark&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.doi=10.2113%2FGSELEMENTS.4.1.11&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issn=1811-5209&amp;rft.jtitle=Elements&amp;rft.pages=11-15&amp;rft.volume=4" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">DM Pyle: <i>Sizes of volcanic eruptions.</i> In <i>Encyclopedia of Volcanoes.</i> Academic Press, London 2000, ISBN 0-12-643140-X, S. 263–269</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/pinatubo/paladio/index.html">Tephra Falls of the 1991 Eruptions of Mount Pinatubo</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/pinatubo/wescott/">Pyroclastic Flows of 1991 Eruption of Mount Pinatubo</a></span>
</li>
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